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Environment
I N F OR MAT I ON F R O M K O D A K
J-314(ENG) $10.00
Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation in
Photographic Processing Facilities
Kodak’s health, safety,
and environmental
publications are available
to help you manage your
photographic processing
operations in a safe,
environmentally sound
and cost-effective manner
This publication is a part
workplace, indoor air quality
INTRODUCTION
environment can be improved if
of a series of publications
well engineered ventilation
The Occupati
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identified. Basically, people enter 3. Maintaining up-to-date line INDOOR AIR QUALITY the building and experience drawings and equipment (IAQ) schedules for each HVAC symptoms which clear up after they system. leave the building. The quality of the air in our homes, 4. Documenting the operational schools, and places of business is an Building Related Illness (BRI): parameters for each HVAC important environmental health refers to symptoms of diagnosable system including scheduled issu
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chronic health effects—adverse Gases/Vapors: The difference EXPOSURE CONCEPTS effects resulting from repeated between gases and vapors is their low level exposure, with physical state at standard symptoms that develop slowly ROUTES OF EXPOSURE temperature and atmospheric over a long period of time. These pressure (STP, 22.5°C, and 760 mm In a work environment where may affect target organs such as Hg). A gas is in the gaseous state at the liver, kidney, or lungs or cause chemic
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As the bubbles burst, tiny droplets Ceiling Limit (C): The airborne EXPOSURE STANDARDS of the liquid are released into the air. concentration that is representative AND GUIDELINES The composition of a mist is usually of a worker’s exposure that should the same as the liquid from which it not be exceeded. was generated. Action Level (AL): For the THE OCCUPATIONAL comprehensive standards SAFETY AND HEALTH ANTICIPATED AIR established by OSHA, an Action ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) CONTAMINANTS
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Threshold Limit Value-Short- measurement may vary depending MEASUREMENT Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL): on whether you are interested in TECHNIQUES The 15-minute TWA concentration short-term exposure, full shift which should not be exceeded at any exposure, or the exposure incurred Direct Reading time during a workday even if the 8- during a specific step or process. The These are measurement techniques hour TWA is within the TLV-TWA. measurements represent a sam
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Direct Reading Instruments for assessing short-term exposures. Engineering controls that have Many different direct reading New canister samplers allow for the proven to be effective in minimizing instruments are available for air sample to be drawn in over a much airborne levels of photographic sampling measurements. Some of longer period of time, if desired. processing chemicals include: these can be very specific to a This technique is most useful for Good design and layout for proces
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When using dilution ventilation, levels but is not considered local DILUTION VENTILATION airborne contaminants are not exhaust ventilation. A local exhaust captured at the source. Instead, the system may be more expensive to Dilution or general ventilation is contaminated air is turned over and install than a general dilution simply bringing in and distributing replaced quickly enough to ventilation system, but requires less enough fresh, uncontaminated air minimize potential exposure a
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Figure 4 LARGE PHOTOGRAPHIC Open-machine with a PROCESSING FACILITIES slot hood ventilation Supply Fresh Air The most effective controls for 150 cfm Exhaust to Outdoors minimizing potential airborne 170 cfm exposures and odors related to large photographic processing operations are a combination of both local exhaust and dilution ventilation 1 (Figure 3). Fresh dilution air should be supplied to the darkroom at a rate of 150 cfm per machine. If a machine extends through a barrier into
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Figure 5 EFFECTIVE COVERS FOR PROPER OPERATION AND Enclosed-machine PROCESSING EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE OF ventilation AND CHEMICAL STORAGE PHOTOGRAPHIC TANKS PROCESSING EQUIPMENT Exhaust to Outdoors Supply Fresh Air 100 cfm Covers on photographic processing 90 cfm The level of airborne contamination equipment and chemical storage generated from photographic tanks can effectively minimize the processing solutions can be affected amount of gases, vapors or mists by how the processing equ
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REGULATORY AND ASSOCIATED REFERENCES Subject Resource Exposure Standard OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z1, Z2, and Z3 Formaldehyde Standard OSHA, 29 CFR, 11910.1000-1048 Design of Ventilation Systems ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual (ACGIH 2001) Design of Ventilation Systems American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Condition Engineers Standard 62-1989 (Ventilation Recommendations) Theshold Limit Values Threshold Limits Values (latest edition), American Conference of Governmental Ind
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J-311 Hazard Communication for Photographic MORE INFORMATION Processing Facilities J-312 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements in If you have environmental or safety questions about Photographic Processing Facilities Kodak products, services, or publications, contact J-313 Occupational Noise Exposure Requirements for Kodak Environmental Services at 1-585-477-3194, or Photographic Processing Facilities visit KES on-line at www.kodak.com/go/kes. J-315 Special Materials Management in Ph
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For more information about Kodak Environmental Services, visit Kodak on-line at: www.kodak.com/go/kes Many technical support publications for Kodak products can be sent to your fax machine from the Kodak Information Center. Call: Canada 1-800-295-5531 —Available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week— If you have questions about KODAK products, call Kodak. In the U.S.A.: 1-800-242-2424, Ext. 19, Monday–Friday 9 a.m.–7 p.m. (Eastern time) In Canada: 1-800-465-6325, Monday–Friday 8 a.m.–5 p.m. (East
