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Processing
KODAK
Color Print Films,
Module 9
Process ECP-2E
Specifications
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2006
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Table of Contents FILMS AND PROCESS SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 Designated Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 Film Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 Process ECP-2E Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 Alternative Ferricyanide or UL Bleach Sequence . . . . . . . . .
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9 PROCESS ECP-2E SPECIFICATIONS This module contains specifications describing continuous Film 2395 / 3395 is coated on a new ESTAR Base machine processing of Kodak color print films. The featuring proprietary Kodak technology that replaces rem-jet following modules are also used in conjunction with Process with process-surviving, anti-static layer, and scratch- ECP-2E. Process ECP-2E differs from Process ECP-2D in resistant backing layer. This film has an efficient that there is no first fi
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Process ECP-2E Steps Table 9-1 Persulfate Bleach Sequence Step Function 1. Developer Reduces exposed silver halide grains in all three light-sensitive layers. The developing agent is oxidized by the exposed silver halide, and the oxidation product couples with the particular dye coupler incorporated within each layer to produce dye images. A silver image is formed simultaneously at the exposed silver-halide sites. 2. Stop Stops the development of silver-halide grains and washes Color Develo
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The required treatment or solution time for each PROCESSING MACHINE DESIGN AND processing solution and wash is obtained by installing an CONSTRUCTION appropriate number of racks in the various solutions and Machine Design washes for a specific film transport speed. The size and The films intended for Process ECP-2E are processed in roll number of racks are predetermined by the machine form in a continuous processing machine. Film is manufacturer. Some machine manufacturers build racks t
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Figure 9-3 Machine Schematic for Process ECP-2E with Persulfate Bleach Sequence F002_1280EC 9-4 Process ECP-2E Specifications Normal Room Light Dark EXHAUST EXHAUST SQUEEGEE 180 40 40 20 40 40 40 60 10 FIXER FILM FEED ON DEVELOPER STOP WASH WASH WASH FINAL DRYER PERSULFATE RINSE BLEACH BLEACH ACCELERATOR Solution times are in seconds.
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Figure 9-4 Machine Schematic for Process ECP-2E with Ferricyanide or “UL” Bleach Sequence F002_1281EC Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-5 Normal Room Light Dark EXHAUST SQUEEGEE 180 40 40 60 40 40 60 10 FILM FEED ON DEVELOPER STOP WASH WASH FIXER WASH FINAL DRYER RINSE FERRICYANIDE BLEACH or "UL" BLEACH Solution times are in seconds.
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Construction Materials The construction materials recommended for the developer, stop, fixer, and bleach solutions are listed in Table 9-2. All the bleaches are quite corrosive. The UL bleach is slightly more corrosive than ferricyanide bleach, but less corrosive than persulfate bleach. Titanium, Hastelloy C, and engineering plastics such as PVC are, therefore, recommended materials for persulfate bleach. Use plastics compatible with low pH solutions (less than pH 5). Red brass is commonl
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Table 9-2 Construction Materials for Process ECP-2E Plastics Austenitic (Polyvinyl Solution Titanium Hastelloy C Stainless Steel Chloride or * AISI Type 316 Polyolefins) Bleach (Ferricyanide or “UL”): † Tanks and Racks † Mixing Tanks † Replenisher Holding Tanks † Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores † Overflow Holding Tank Bleach (Persulfate): † Tanks and Racks † ‡ Mixing Tanks † Replenisher Holding Tanks † Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cor
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Filters Dryer Cabinet Carefully control drying of processed film. Insufficient Filters are used to remove any insoluble material in the form drying may lead to a physical defect called ferrotyping. If the of solids and tars from processing solutions and wash waters. film is over-dried, the emulsion becomes brittle and the film If this material is not removed, it can adhere to the film being tends to curl or flute. Satisfactory drying leaves the film dry processed, machine tank walls, roll
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Figure 9-5 Four-Stage Countercurrent Wash Machine Exhaust and Room Ventilation WATER LEVEL Systems Install local exhausts at specific locations on the processing machine and at specific work areas to provide for the safety and comfort of the laboratory personnel. Supplement local exhausts with a room ventilation system having a capacity of USED WATER TO DRAIN 10 air changes per hour. Vent the discharge air from these systems outside the building so that discharged air does not contaminate
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Table 9-3 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with PERSULFATE Bleach * KODAK Formula Temperature Replenisher Recirculation (R); Time (Wash Rate) per Process Steps Filtration (F); min:sec 100 ft. (30.5 m) Tank Replenisher °C °F Turbulation (T) † of 35 mm Film ‡ § ¶ Developer R, F , & T SD-50 SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2 3:00 690 mL @125 to 175 L/min ** Stop R & F SB-14 SB-14 27 ± 1 80 ± 2 :40 770 mL @ 40 to 60 L/min †† Wash — — 27 ± 3 80 ± 5 :40 1.2 L None ‡‡,** Accelerator R & F
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Table 9-4 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with FERRICYANIDE Bleach * KODAK Formula Temperature Replenisher Recirculation (R); Time (Wash Rate) per Process Steps Filtration (F); min:sec 100 ft. (30.5 m) Tank Replenisher °C °F Turbulation (T) † of 35 mm Film ‡ § ¶ Developer SD-50 SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2 3:00 690 mL R, F , & T @ 125 to 175 L/min ** Stop SB-14 SB-14 27 ± 180 ± 2 :40 770 mL R & F @ 40 to 60 L/min †† †† Wash —— 27 ± 380 ± 5 :40 1.2 L None ‡‡ §
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Table 9-5 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with UL Bleach * KODAK Formula Temperature Replenisher Recirculation (R); Time (Wash Rate) per Process Steps Filtration (F); Replen- min:sec 100 ft. (30.5 m) Tank °C °F Turbulation (T) isher † of 35 mm Film ‡ § ¶ Developer SD-50 SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2 3:00 690 mL R, F , & T @ 125 to 175 L/min ** Stop SB-14 SB-14 27 ± 180 ± 2 :40 770 mL R & F @ 40 to 60 L/min †† †† Wash 27 ± 380 ± 5 :40 1.2 mL None ‡‡ § “UL” Bleach 27 ± 180 ± 2 1:00
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Controlling Bleach Tank Concentration UL Bleach Formulations with Replenisher Rate Two UL Bleach formulations are available to fill various Since bleach systems are subject to evaporation in the laboratory operating and environmental needs. They are: machine, overflow and replenisher holding tanks, system Ammonium UL or “UL House” Bleach. This formulation evaporation often plays a significant part in striking a contains the highest percentage of ammonium ion which balance between replen
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Chemical Supplies and Substitutions Drying Specifications Ferric nitrate is supplied in crystalline form as nonahydrate Drying photographic film depends on time in the dryer, the or dissolved in water as a 35 or 45% solution. Various geometry of the dryer, the pattern of air flow and/or bromides, carbonates, and hydroxides may be used impingement on the film, the volume of air flow, the interchangeably provided attention is given to effluent humidity and temperature of the air in the dryi
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Wash-Water Flow Rates Final Wash Adequate washing in conjunction with conservation of wash The final wash must remove most of the thiosulfate (hypo) water is a matter of concern for all processors. Ways of from the film. Retained hypo levels of 4 µ g/cm2 or greater reducing wash-water usage while maintaining adequate can cause serious dye fading. If the recommended three- washing include: (1) using multi-stage countercurrent-flow stage countercurrent wash and wash rate are used, residual wash
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Table 9-7 Mechanical Specifications for Rewash RW-1 KODAK Replenisher * Temperature Time Formula (Wash Rate) Recirculation (R); Process Steps per 100 ft. Filtration (F) Tank and (30.5 m) of °C °F min:sec Replenisher † 35 mm Film Prebath PB-6 21 ± 170 ± 2 2:00 600 mL R & F @ 20 to 40 L/min ‡ Wash — 21 to 38 70 to100 3:00 300 mL None Final Rinse FR-1 21 to 38 70 to100 :10 400 mL R & F @ 20 to 40 L/min * Fahrenheit temperatures are primary. Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with pro
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Table 9-8 SUPPLIERS OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS Supplier Formula Chemical or Trade Name Some Suppliers Phone or Chemical Name Number Acetic Acid, Glacial CH COOH Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 3 Brown Chemical Company 201-337-0900 Ammonium Bromide NH Br Ameribrome, Inc. 212-286-4000 4 Pechiney World Trade USA 800-736-7893 Ammonium Hydroxide (28% Solution) NH OH Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 4 Mallinckodt, Inc. 800-554-5343 Van Waters and Rogers 425-889-3400 Ammonium Thiosulfate (NH ) S O Fisher
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Supplier Formula Chemical or Trade Name Some Suppliers Phone or Chemical Name Number * Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, Anhydrous NaH PO Pechiney World Trade USA 800-736-7893 2 4 Degussa-Huls Corporation 201-641-6100 * Sodium Ferrocyanide, Decahydrate Na Fe(CN) 10H O Degussa-Huls Corporation 201-641-6100 4 6 2 Filo Chemical, Inc. 212-514-9330 * Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333 Brown Chemical Company 201-337-0900 Dow Chemical USA 800-447-4369 Fisher Scientific 800-766-
